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Potential Refund Opportunity for Interest and Penalty Amounts Accrued During COVID-19 Federally Declared Disaster

Taxpayers who made payments to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that included underpayment interest and/or failure-to-file/pay penalties that accrued during all or part of the period between January 20, 2020, through July 10, 2023, should consider filing a refund claim with the IRS to potentially recover accrued interest and penalty amounts.

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 7508A (as in effect during the COVID-19 pandemic), legislative history, regulations, and the US Tax Court’s opinion in Abdo v. Commissioner, 168 T.C. 148 (2024), provide the basis for potential refund claims. IRC § 7508A(d) provides for a mandatory postponement period of certain tax-related obligations, including the suspension of the accrual of underpayment interest for the duration of the COVID-19 incident period plus 60 days (January 20, 2020 – July 10, 2023). IRC § 7508A also appears to have paused the increase of failure-to-file/pay penalties, which are based on the time during which the taxpayer is not in compliance.

Taxpayers considering this refund opportunity should be aware that the statute of limitations to file a refund claim expires three years from the filing deadline of the original tax return or two years from the date on which payment was made – whichever is later (unless the statute of limitations period was otherwise extended). This refund opportunity may apply to underpayment interest and/or penalties paid with respect to federal income, estate, gift, employment, or excise taxes.




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Upcoming Webinar: Navigating IRS Tax Refunds

On April 9, 2025, join McDermott’s Tax Controversy & Litigation Group for an insightful webinar on the intricacies of claiming and collecting Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax refunds. This session is designed for tax professionals, legal practitioners, and anyone interested in understanding the complexities of the IRS refund claims process and what to watch out for.

What You Will Learn:

  • Step-by-step guidance on filing IRS refund claims
  • Key legal considerations, insights, and traps surrounding refund claims
  • Strategies for effectively collecting refunds from the IRS
  • When and how to litigate refund claims

Click here for details and to register.




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FedEx Defeats Government’s Loper Bright Gambit

On February 13, 2025, a Tennessee federal district court handed FedEx Corporation its second win in a refund action involving the application of foreign tax credits to what are known as “offset earnings.”[1] Offset earnings are earnings from a taxpayer’s profitable related foreign corporations that are offset by losses from other related foreign corporations. FedEx previously prevailed on the question of whether it was entitled to foreign tax credits related to such earnings.[2] In this most recent ruling, the court rejected the Government’s reliance on a certain regulatory provision called the “Regulatory Haircut Rule”[3] to argue that the amount of FedEx’s claimed refund should be reduced. The case now appears to be set for appeal.

Revisiting the analysis in its first ruling, the court explained the error of the Government’s reliance upon the Regulatory Haircut Rule. In short, the court said that the rule’s application conflicted with the best construction of the governing statutes, primarily Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Sections 960, 965(b)(4), and 965(g). The Government defended its reliance by appealing to Loper Bright’s instruction that courts must respect legitimate delegations of authority to an agency.[4] Citing IRC Section 965(o), which authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to prescribe regulations “as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of” Section 965 and to “prevent the avoidance of the purposes” of this section, the Government argued that the Regulatory Haircut Rule furthered the IRC’s broader goal of preventing tax avoidance and that Loper Bright required the court to respect the Secretary’s exercise of his delegated authority.

While acknowledging that legitimate delegations of authority to agencies remain permissible after Loper Bright, the court reminded the Government that an agency does not have the power to regulate in a manner that is inconsistent with the statute, even when a delegation provision grants the agency broad discretionary authority:

Assuming that Congress delegated authority . . . to promulgate regulations implementing section 965 . . . that authority cannot, under Loper Bright, encompass the discretion to promulgate regulations that contravene the “single, best meaning” of section 965, as determined by the courts.[5]

In other words, a statute’s delegation provision should not be interpreted to allow Treasury to eliminate rules that Congress established in other parts of the IRC.

Practice Point: Referencing Loper Bright’s acknowledgment that Congress may “confer discretionary authority on agencies,”[6] the Government has defended (and likely will continue to defend) its regulations on the theory that its exercises of such authority should be respected. But as Loper Bright reminds us, courts have an independent duty to decide the meaning of statutory delegations. Thus, taxpayers should closely examine whether regulations purportedly derived from a statute’s delegation provision comport with the rest of the statute. Those that do not should be challenged.

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[1] FedEx Corp. & Subs. v. United States, No. 2:20-cv-02794 (W.D. Tenn., Feb. 13, 2025)(electronically available here).

[2] FedEx Corp. [...]

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IRS Roundup January 20 – 31, 2025

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the weeks of January 20, 2025 – January 24, 2025, and January 27, 2025 – January 31, 2025.

TAX-CONTROVERSY-RELATED DEVELOPMENTS

January 22, 2025: The IRS reminded taxpayers that they have rights – outlined in the Taxpayer Bill of Rights – any time they interact with the IRS. These rights cover a wide range of topics and issues and lay out what taxpayers can expect when interacting with the IRS. Taxpayers should also know that the Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) is an independent organization within the IRS that helps taxpayers and protects their rights for free. TAS can help if assistance is needed to resolve an IRS problem, if a problem is causing financial difficulty, or if an IRS system or procedure isn’t working as it should.

January 24, 2025: Alarm Concepts Inc. filed a class action lawsuit against the IRS and Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. after being notified that its tax data was stolen and leaked by Charles Littlejohn, a Booz Allen employee contracted to work at the IRS. Littlejohn pled guilty in October 2023 to unlawfully disclosing confidential tax returns and return information between 2018 and 2020. The breach appears to have affected tens of thousands of taxpayers.

The lawsuit alleges that the IRS failed to implement adequate cybersecurity measures despite repeated warnings, and that Booz Allen neglected to protect the data. The stolen information includes sensitive details from Forms 1099 and Schedule K-1. The lawsuit highlights ongoing risks of identity theft and fraud for the affected taxpayers.

The lawsuit asserts that Alarm Concepts and class members are entitled to statutory damages of $1,000 for each unauthorized inspection or disclosure, as well as punitive damages because the disclosures were willful or the result of gross negligence.

January 30, 2025: The US Senate Committee on Finance released a bipartisan discussion draft of legislation aimed at improving IRS procedures and administration. The proposed bill, named the Taxpayer Assistance Service Act (TAS Act), seeks to enhance the taxpayer experience by facilitating better communication with the IRS, streamlining tax compliance and dispute processes, and ensuring timely expert assistance. Key provisions include improving “math error” notices, expanding US Tax Court jurisdiction, simplifying foreign bank account report compliance, and expanding access to the IRS Independent Office of Appeals. The draft also aims to expand the independence of the National Taxpayer Advocate (NTA) from the IRS and strengthen the IRS whistleblower program while protecting the confidentiality of taxpayer information.

The proposed bill reflects nonpartisan recommendations and seeks to address challenges faced by taxpayers within the current tax system. Proponents of the proposed bill include the current NTA Erin Collins and the long-serving former NTA Nina Olson. Olson described the TAS Act as a “sweeping piece of legislation that promises to improve federal tax administration and increase taxpayer protections.”

TAX RETURN FILING SEASON DEVELOPMENTS

January [...]

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IRS Roundup January 6 – 10, 2025

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of January 6, 2025 – January 10, 2025.

January 6, 2025: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2025-2, which includes Announcement 2025-2. The announcement states that, if finalized, certain portions of proposed regulations on required minimum distributions under Section 401(a)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) will not apply before the 2026 distribution calendar year.

January 7, 2025: The IRS reminded taxpayers that final 2024 quarterly estimated tax payments are due January 15, 2025.

January 7, 2025: The IRS announced that the IRS Free File Guided Tax Software is now available through eight private-sector partners for taxpayers with adjusted gross income of $84,000 or less in 2024. One partner will offer a product in Spanish.

January 7, 2025: The IRS reminded taxpayers that IRS-certified volunteers are available to help qualified individuals file federal tax returns. Taxpayers can also sign up to volunteer with the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance or Tax Counseling for the Elderly programs.

January 8, 2025: National Taxpayer Advocate (NTA) Erin M. Collins released her 2024 Annual Report to Congress. The report identifies the 10 most serious problems involving taxpayers’ interactions with the IRS and makes administrative and legislative recommendations to address said problems. NTA Collins found overall improvement in the IRS’ service to taxpayers but also acknowledged persistent challenges, including delays in processing Employee Retention Credit claims and resolving Identity Theft Victim Assistance cases.

January 8, 2025: The IRS issued Revenue Ruling 2025-3, which addresses whether Section 530 of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-600, as amended (Section 530) (addressing controversies involving whether individuals are employees for purposes of employment taxes), or the reduced rates of Code Section 3509 apply in five factual situations articulated in the ruling. The ruling also addresses whether the IRS will issue a notice of employment tax determination under Code Section 7436 in these same five situations.

The IRS also issued Revenue Procedure 2025-10 to provide updated guidance regarding the implementation of Section 530.

January 8, 2025: The IRS issued Revenue Procedure 2025-11, which provides the process under Code Section 48E(h) to apply for an allocation of capacity limitation as part of the Clean Electricity Low-Income Communities Bonus Credit Amount Program for 2025 and subsequent years. Receipt of an allocation increases the amount of the clean electricity investment credit determined under Section 48E(a) for the taxable year in which the applicable facility, with which the allocation of capacity limitation is associated, is placed in service. The revenue procedure provides guidance regarding the application process, including application review, documentation requirements, and placed in service reporting requirements. It also provides information on requirements specific to the Additional Selection Criteria application options, including documentation submission requirements, and describes how the capacity limitation will be divided across the facility categories.

January 10, 2025: The [...]

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Weekly IRS Roundup December 30, 2024 – January 3, 2025

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of December 30, 2024 – January 3, 2025.

December 30, 2024: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2025-1, which includes the following:

  • Revenue Procedure 2025-1, which contains the revised procedures for letter rulings and information letters issued by the different associate chief counsel offices. This revenue procedure also contains the revised procedures for determination letters issued by the Large Business and International Division, the Small Business/Self-Employed Division, the Wage and Investment Division, and the Tax Exempt and Government Entities (TE/GE) Division.
  • Revenue Procedure 2025-2, which explains when and how associate chief counsel offices should provide advice in technical advice memoranda (TAM) as well as taxpayers’ rights when a field office requests a TAM.
  • Revenue Procedure 2025-3, which provides a revised list of Internal Revenue Code (Code) areas under the jurisdiction of the following associate chief counsel offices: Corporate; Financial Institutions and Products; Income Tax and Accounting; Passthroughs and Special Industries; Procedure and Administration; and Employee Benefits, Exempt Organizations, and Employment Taxes. These relate to matters in which the IRS will not issue letter rulings or determination letters.
  • Revenue Procedure 2025-4, which provides guidance on the types of advice the IRS offers to taxpayers on issues under the jurisdiction of the IRS Commissioner, TE/GE Division, and Employee Plans Rulings and Agreements. It also details the procedures that apply to requests for determination letters and private letter rulings.
  • Revenue Procedure 2025-5, which provides the procedures for issuing determination letters on issues under the jurisdiction of the Exempt Organizations Rulings and Agreements. It also explains the procedures for issuing determination letters on tax-exempt statuses for organizations applying under Code Section 501 or 521, private foundation status, and other determinations related to tax-exempt organizations. Additionally, the revenue procedure applies to revocation or modification of determination letters and provides guidance on the exhaustion of administrative remedies for purposes of declaratory judgment under Code Section 7428.
  • Revenue Procedure 2025-7, which provides the areas under the jurisdiction of the associate chief counsel (international) in which letter rulings and determination letters will not be issued.

December 30, 2024: The IRS published Treasury Decision 10018, which contains final regulations regarding the filing of consolidated returns by affiliated corporations. They modify the consolidated return regulations to reflect statutory changes, update language to remove antiquated or regressive terminology, and enhance clarity. The IRS separately issued proposed regulations under which a transferee’s assumption of certain liabilities from a member of the same consolidated group will not reduce the transferor’s basis in the transferee’s stock received in the transfer.

December 30, 2024: The IRS published final regulations clarifying when tax-exempt bonds are considered retired for federal income tax purposes under Code Section 103. The regulations affect state and local governments issuing tax-exempt bonds [...]

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Weekly IRS Roundup December 16 – December 20, 2024

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of December 16 – 20, 2024.

December 16, 2024: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2024-51, which includes the following:

  • Treasury Decision 10009, which provides guidance regarding the advanced manufacturing investment credit under § 48D of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). The guidance reflects changes made by the CHIPS Act of 2022. The § 48D credit may be claimed for qualified investments in an advanced manufacturing facility that engages in the manufacturing of semiconductors or semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
  • Treasury Decision 10010, which provides the rules for claiming the Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit under Code § 45X. The regulations describe the requirements for the production of eligible components, including the domestic production requirement. The regulations also provide rules regarding the sale of eligible components to unrelated persons, as well as rules that apply to sales between related persons. They include definitions of eligible components, rules related to calculating the credit, and specific recordkeeping and reporting requirements.
  • Treasury Decision 10014, which finalizes 2013 proposed regulations under Code § 752, which relates to a partner’s share of a partnership recourse liability. The final regulations adopt a proportionality rule in instances where more than one partner bears the economic risk of loss of the partnership recourse debt. The regulations also provide guidance regarding how partnership recourse debt should be allocated in tiered partnership structures, as well as guidance on the related-party rules. Interestingly, no new notice of proposed rulemaking or opportunity for public comment was provided regarding these regulations in the 11 years since the 2013 proposed regulations were issued.
  • Revenue Ruling 2024-27, which publishes the base period T-bill rate for the period ending September 30, 2024, pursuant to Code § 995(f). The rate for this period is 4.93%.

The IRS also released Notice 2025-1, which provides guidance on the corporate bond monthly yield curve, the corresponding spot segment rates used under § 417(e)(3), the 24-month average segment rates used under § 430(h)(2), the interest rate on 30-year Treasury securities under § 417(e)(3)(A)(ii)(II) as in effect for plan years beginning before 2008, and the 30-year Treasury weighted average rate under § 431(c)(6)(E)(ii)(I) of the Code.

The IRS also issued Revenue Ruling 2025-1, which provides the January 2025 applicable federal rates for purposes of Code § 1274(d) and relates to the determination of issue price in the case of certain instruments issued for property.

December 17, 2024: The IRS issued Revenue Procedure 2025-8, which modifies the procedures under Code § 446 and Treasury Regulation § 1.446-1(e) for obtaining automatic consent of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Commissioner) to change methods of accounting for expenditures paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021, to comply with § 174 or to rely on interim guidance provided in Notice 2023-63, 2023-39 I.R.B. 919, as modified by Notice 2024-12, 2024-5 I.R.B. 616.

December 18, 2024: In Notice 2025-4 the [...]

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Weekly IRS Roundup September 30 – October 4, 2024

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of September 30, 2024 – October 4, 2024.

September 30, 2024: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2024-40, which includes the following:

  • Revenue Ruling 2024-20, which provides the terminal charge and Standard Industry Fare Level mileage rates for valuing noncommercial flights on employer-provided aircraft for the second half of 2024.
  • Treasury Decision 9991, which contains final regulations that provide guidance on the consistent basis requirement under 1014(f) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), applicable to recipients of certain property from a decedent, and the reporting requirements under Code § 6035, applicable to executors and other persons required to file an estate tax return. The final regulations adopt the 2016 proposed regulations (with some modifications) and are designed to ensure accurate reporting and compliance.
  • Proposed regulations, which amend the definition of “coverage month” to include any month where the premium paid, including advance payments, is sufficient to maintain an individual’s coverage from being terminated for that month when computing their premium tax credit (PTC). The proposed regulations also modify certain rules for calculating an individual taxpayer’s health insurance PTC and clarify eligibility criteria for state basic health programs.
  • Proposed regulations, which update the qualified domestic trust rules under Code 2056A by removing outdated references to align with current IRS procedures and revising filing requirements and addresses. The proposed regulations primarily affect estates passing property to noncitizen spouses.

September 30, 2024: The IRS released draft IRS Form 7217, Partner’s Report of Property Distributed by a Partnership, which requires partners to report property distributions from partnerships beginning in tax year 2024. Distributions consisting solely of money or marketable securities treated as money are excluded.

September 30, 2024: The IRS released Notice 2024-70, which extends the replacement period under Code § 1033(e) for livestock sold or exchanged because of drought conditions in specified counties across 41 US states, allowing more time for eligible farmers and ranchers to replace livestock.

October 1, 2024: The IRS extended the deadline to file federal individual and business tax returns and make tax payments for certain individuals and businesses in Illinois that were affected by severe weather that began on July 13, 2024. The new deadline is February 3, 2025. The extended deadline is available to taxpayers in any area designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), including individuals and households that reside or have a business in the following counties: Cook, Fulton, Henry, St. Clair, Washington, Will, and Winnebago.

October 1, 2024: The IRS announced it is seeking volunteers for the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance and Tax Counseling for the Elderly programs to provide free tax services during the upcoming filing season. Interested individuals can sign up from October to January, with flexible hours and various roles [...]

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Weekly IRS Roundup August 26 – August 30, 2024

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of August 26, 2024 – August 30, 2024.

August 26, 2024: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2024-35, which includes the following:

  • Revenue Ruling 2024-16, which provides the average annual effective interest rates for new loans under the Farm Credit System and lists the states within each Farm Credit System Bank Territory. These rates are used to compute the special use value of farmland for estate tax purposes under § 2032A of the Internal Revenue Code (Code).
  • Announcement 2024-32, which revokes the Code § 501(c)(3) determination for specified organizations and stipulates that contributions made to said organizations by individual donors are no longer deductible under Code § 170(b)(1)(A).
  • Proposed regulations that address issues under the dual consolidated loss rules, including the treatment of certain disregarded payments that result in losses for foreign tax purposes. These regulations clarify the interaction of dual consolidated loss rules with intercompany transactions under Code § 1503(d) and introduce rules for foreign hybrid entities.

August 26, 2024: The IRS identified new warning signs of incorrect Employee Retention Credit claims and urged businesses to review their filings to ensure eligibility and avoid mistakes. Common issues include unsupported claims of business suspension, wages paid to family members, and wages reported as payroll costs to qualify for the loan forgiveness.

August 27, 2024: The IRS concluded the “Protect Your Clients; Protect Yourself” summer campaign, which encouraged tax professionals to implement robust security measures to defend against identity theft and emerging data security threats. The campaign highlighted the critical need to protect sensitive information from cybercriminal exploitation.

August 27, 2024: The IRS reminded truckers that the deadline to file IRS Form 22901, Heavy Highway Vehicle Use Tax Return, and pay the heavy highway vehicle use tax for 2024 is September 3, 2024.

August 27, 2024: The IRS encouraged taxpayers to conduct a tax checkup at the end of the summer to adjust their withholding or payments and prevent unexpected tax bills next year. This initiative aims to help taxpayers align their tax payments with what they owe, especially those with gig economy jobs or other income not subject to withholding.

August 28, 2024: The IRS notified employers that they can use educational assistance programs to help employees repay their student loans through December 31, 2025.

August 28, 2024: The IRS extended the deadline to file federal individual and business tax returns and make tax payments for certain individuals and businesses in the US Virgin Islands that were affected by Tropical Storm Ernesto. The new deadline is February 3, 2025. The extended deadline is available to taxpayers in any area designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including individuals and households that reside or have a business in any of the [...]

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Weekly IRS Roundup August 19 – August 23, 2024

Check out our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of August 19, 2024 – August 23, 2024.

August 19, 2024: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2024-34, which includes the following:

  • Treasury Decision 10005, which provides the criteria for single-employer defined benefit plan sponsors to obtain approval to use plan-specific mortality tables when calculating present value for minimum funding. Effective July 31, 2024, these changes will apply to plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2025.
  • Notice 2024-61, which provides the inflation adjustment factor and phase-out amount for the enhanced oil recovery credit under § 38 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) for calendar years 1991 through 2024.
  • Announcement 2024-31, which revokes the Code § 501(c)(3) determination for specified organizations and stipulates that contributions made to said organizations by individual donors are no longer deductible under Code § 170(b)(1)(A).

August 19, 2024: The IRS reminded taxpayers that summer day camp expenses may qualify for the Child and Dependent Care tax credit, which can help offset costs for working parents with children under 13. The credit may cover up to 35% of qualifying expenses, with a maximum eligible expense of $3,000 for one child and $6,000 for two or more.

August 19, 2024: The IRS released Notice 2024-63, which allows employers to match contributions to Code § 401(k) plans and similar retirement plans based on employees’ student loan payments. This guidance, effective for plan years beginning after December 31, 2023, includes eligibility criteria, employee certification requirements, and special nondiscrimination testing relief.

August 19, 2024: The IRS reminded taxpayers who requested an extension to file their federal taxes that free filing options, such as IRS Free File and MilTax (for eligible military members), are still available for filing electronically and claiming tax credits.

August 20, 2024: The IRS advised taxpayers who opted for paid tax preparers to help file their tax returns to verify the preparer’s credentials, check their history with the Better Business Bureau, and ensure they offer IRS e-file services.

August 20, 2024: The IRS highlighted the “Security Six,” a set of essential steps tax professionals can take to protect their offices, computers, and client data from cyber threats. These steps include using anti-virus software, firewalls, multifactor authentication, backup software or services, encrypted drives, and virtual private networks.

August 21, 2024: The IRS reminded school teachers that they can deduct up to $300 of unreimbursed classroom expenses for the 2024 tax year. This deduction applies to a variety of classroom items, including supplies, books, and equipment, and is available even if teachers take the standard deduction.

August 21, 2024: The IRS released Revenue Ruling 2024-18, which announces that interest rates for tax overpayments and underpayments under Code § 6621 will remain unchanged for the fourth [...]

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