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Transfer Pricing Resource

Tax Court Issues Five Discovery Orders Addressing Admissibility of Expert Reports

by Jeffrey M. Glassman and McDermott Will & Emery | Jul 20, 2016 | Court Procedure Matters, IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Trial Courts, Uncategorized

On July 13, 14, and 15, 2016, Judge Laro of the US Tax Court (Tax Court) ruled on five taxpayer-filed motions in limine to exclude expert reports in Guidant LLC f.k.a. Guidant Corporation, and Subsidiaries, et al. v. Commissioner. At issue in the case are a number of IRS transfer pricing adjustments to the taxpayer-corporation’s income under Section 482.

In support of its adjustments, the IRS offered numerous expert reports to the Tax Court, and the taxpayer sought to exclude these reports. The taxpayer raised the following major arguments:

Argument: The IRS expert reports failed to contain opinions.

The taxpayer argued that three of the reports should be excluded because they did not comply with Tax Court Rule 143(g)(1), which requires that expert witnesses generally prepare written reports, and requires that expert reports include “a complete statement of all opinions the witness expresses and the basis and reasons for them.” In federal district court practice (under somewhat different rules), this requirement generally means that an expert must separately state, and clearly delineate, his or her expert opinions in a written report—usually in a “conclusions” or “opinions” section. In Tax Court, the requirement for a clear and concise written expert report is even more significant than in federal district court practice because, under Rule 143(g)(1), expert reports are treated as direct testimony of the expert (although, in many cases, additional expert testimony and cross-examination may be helpful or necessary).

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IRS Finalizes Controversial Regulations Allowing Contractor Participation in Examinations

by Kevin Spencer and McDermott Will & Emery | Jul 14, 2016 | IRS Audits, IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

On July 12, 2016, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) finalized regulations allowing third-party contractors (i.e., outside economists, engineers, consultants and attorneys) to participate in audits of taxpayers. The regulations are not limited to allowing outside parties to review taxpayers’ books and records, but extend to the full participation in summons interviews. The final regulations replace proposed and temporary regulations issued in 2014.

The IRS’s position is highly controversial and several organizations submitted comments arguing against finalization of the regulations. Additionally, the IRS’s position was the subject of a dispute between Microsoft and the IRS relating to the IRS’s use of the law firm of Quinn Emmanuel in an audit of Microsoft’s transfer pricing. It appears highly likely that taxpayers will challenge the validity of the final regulations in court, and at some point a court will be required to decide the issue. In the wake of the final regulations, taxpayers that are currently under audit should consider requesting that the IRS provide a list of all third-parties, including outside contractors that are being consulted with during an examination. It is a good practice to request in writing a list of the third-parties that the IRS contacts during the course of an examination.

IRS Updates List of Items Requiring National Office Review

by McDermott Will & Emery and Jeffrey M. Glassman | Jul 7, 2016 | Court Procedure Matters, IRS Appeals, IRS Audits, IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

On June 30, 2016, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued Chief Counsel Notice 2016-009, which can be found here. In the notice, the IRS updated the list of issues that require IRS National Office review (the List). The List indicates those issues or matters raised by IRS field examiners that must be coordinated with the appropriate IRS Associate office.

There are several new items on the List. Notably, corporate formations with repatriation transactions, certain spin-off transactions and transactions that may implicate Treasury Regulation § 1.701-2 partnership anti-abuse rules are now also included. Debt-equity issues pursuant to Section 385 continue to be on the List.

In addition, now included are issues designated for litigation and issues that for technical tax reasons will not be referred to the IRS Office of Appeals under Revenue Procedure 2016-22, Section 3.03 (also relating to issues designated for litigation). We discussed Revenue Procedure 2016-22 in a recent posting. (more…)

IRS Issues IPU on Corporate Inversions

by McDermott Will & Emery | Jul 7, 2016 | IRS Audits, IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

On June 7, 2016 , the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released an LB&I International Practice Unit (IPU), providing high-level guidance to IRS field examiners on the application of the anti-inversion rules of Internal Revenue Code section 7874 and certain of the regulations and notices issued thereunder (see here). The IPU notes that it is meant to provide only high-level conceptual guidance, and that many aspects of the highly complex notices and regulations recently issued in this area are beyond the scope of the IPU. Some of these issues will be addressed in future IPUs.

This high-level guidance to field examiners signals the IRS’s continued focus on international tax issues.

Commissioner Files Opening Brief in Ninth Circuit Appeal of Altera

by Roger J. Jones | Jul 5, 2016 | Appellate Courts, Court Procedure Matters, Transfer Pricing Resource, Trial Courts, Uncategorized

In Altera Corp. v. Commissioner, 145 T.C. No. 3 (July 27, 2015), the Tax Court, in a unanimous reviewed opinion, held that regulations under Section 482 requiring parties to a qualified cost-sharing agreement (QCSA) to include stock-based compensation costs in the cost pool to comply with the arm’s-length standard were procedurally invalid because the US Deparment of Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) did not engage in the “reasoned decisionmaking” required by the Administrative Procedures Act and the cases interpreting it. For a discussion of the Tax Court’s Altera opinion, see our prior On the Subject. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Commissioner) appealed this holding to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals; he filed his opening brief on June 27, 2016.

According to the Commissioner, the Tax Court’s holding was based on several related errors: (1) the Tax Court mistakenly concluded that promulgation of the QCSA regs required the IRS to engage in an “essentially empirical” analysis; (2) this led the court to apply the wrong standard; (3) in its analysis, the court relied heavily on its holding in Xilinx, Inc. v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 37 (2005), that analysis of QCSAs must comport with the arm’s-length standard, meaning that a taxpayer can defend a QCSA by reference to comparable behavior between unrelated parties; and (4) the Tax Court failed to take into account that the finalization of the new QCSA regulations worked a “change in the legal landscape,” which should have altered the court’s analysis of the new regulations’ validity. Moreover, “the coordinating amendments [to the existing QCSA regulations] supersede [the Ninth Circuit’s] understanding of the arm’s-length standard as reflected in its own Xilinx opinion.” (more…)

IRS Issues New Procedures to IRS Appeals for Requesting Assistance from Exam in Docketed Tax Court Case

by Kevin Spencer, Alex Cheng-Yi Lee, Roger J. Jones and McDermott Will & Emery | Jul 1, 2016 | IRS Appeals, IRS Audits, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

On June 24, 2016, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued a memorandum (AP-08-0616-0003, available here) to the IRS Appeals Division (Appeals) providing new, uniform procedures for requesting assistance from the Examination Division (Exam) in docketed Tax Court cases. The guidance implements standard procedures that would treat petitioners similarly. Currently, when petitioners provide new information to Appeals that was not previously considered by Exam, Appeals requests Exam’s assistance based on local procedures, which sometimes result in disparate treatment of petitioners. The guidance is effective on August 29, 2016.

Under the new procedures, Appeals will send a request for Exam’s assistance if Appeals determines that the new information merits additional analysis or investigation. If Exam approves the request, an Exam Agent may recommend changes to the proposed adjustment, including an increase in tax, based upon the new information. Appeals, however, is not required to adhere to Exam’s recommendations. Where acceptance of the Exam Agent’s recommended changes results in a new issue or an increased deficiency, the IRS generally must bear the burden of proof on such changes from the notice of deficiency pursuant to Tax Court Rule 142. If Exam denies the request, Appeals will consider settlement offers based on all information in the case file, and the probative value of the new information.

Tax Bar Has Serious and Substantial Comments to the Proposed IRC Section 385 Regulations

by K. Christy Vouri-Misso and Timothy S. Shuman | Jul 1, 2016 | IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

On April 4, 2016, the Internal Revenue Service and the US Department of the Treasury issued proposed regulations pursuant to Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 385 addressing whether an interest in a related corporation is treated as stock or indebtedness for US federal income tax purposes (Proposed Regulations). On June 29, 2016, both the DC Bar Taxation Section and the New York State Bar Association Tax Section submitted comments on the Proposed Regulations. Both Tax Sections urged Treasury not to finalize the Proposed Regulations. The DC Bar Taxation Section letter can be found here and the New York State Bar Association Tax Section letter can be found here.

The Proposed Regulations have been met with substantial criticism by the tax bar and taxpayers alike. The Proposed Regulations would have a significant impact on intercompany debt of multinational groups and could, if finalized in their proposed form, force major changes in the way that taxpayers conduct routine business.

CbC Reporting Is Here to Stay! Treasury Issues Final Regs

by Kevin Spencer | Jun 30, 2016 | IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

As anticipated in our earlier post, Country-by-Country (CbC) reporting is finally here! On Wednesday, the US Department of the Treasury released final regulations for CbC reporting, effective June 30, 2016. The final regulations apply to any US person who is the “ultimate parent” of a multinational enterprise group that has annual revenue for the preceding year of at least $850 million. For tax years beginning after June 30, 2016, taxpayers subject to the final regulations will be required to file a new Form 8975 Country-by-Country Report with their US federal income tax returns. CbC reporting will likely change the disclosure landscape for entities operating in multiple countries.

Tax Court Rules in Favor of Medtronic in Transfer Pricing Case Against IRS

by McDermott Will & Emery and Robin L. Greenhouse | Jun 10, 2016 | Court Procedure Matters, Transfer Pricing Resource, Trial Courts, Uncategorized

At least a partial taxpayer victory in the Medtronic case, T.C. Memo. 2016-112. The Tax Court held that Medtronic met its burden of showing the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) abused its discretion by making arbitrary and capricious Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 482 reallocations with respect to taxable income of Medtronic’s Puerto Rico subsidiary. It further concluded that the IRS’s use of the comparable profits method is not required under the IRC Section 482 commensurate with income standard. Although the Tax Court found the taxpayer’s royalty rates established using the comparable uncontrolled transaction method to be unreasonable, the court undertook to determine the proper allocations itself, and made two significant adjustments to the taxpayer’s royalty rates. Finally, the court rejected the IRS’s alternative allocation that intangibles were transferred under IRC Section 367(d).

IRS Publishes Another IPU on Transfer Pricing

by Kevin Spencer and McDermott Will & Emery | Jun 8, 2016 | IRS Guidance, Transfer Pricing Resource, Uncategorized

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) continues to publish International Practice Units (IPUs) on transfer pricing. As explained in our prior post, the IRS has provided guidance on the three requirements to come within the transfer pricing rules in IRC section 482. The IRS continues to expend its limited resources on international tax issues, arming its field agents with extensive directions on how to audit transfer pricing issues. It is clear that international tax issues are and will continue to be the focus of IRS agents in auditing multinational entities.

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